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In 1912 she married Richard Ryan Thompson, president of a Eureka Springs, Arkansas, women’s school where she taught French and hygiene. He was born on July 13, 1963 in Fort Ord, California to John and Junelle Breckenridge. Retrieved April 14, 2020. After earning her midwifery certificate, Breckinridge travelled to the Hebrides, Scotland, in 1924 to look at models of health service in remote rural areas. [3] She helped to ensure that her daughter followed a more traditional path. Born into a prominent Memphis family in 1881, she was the daughter of U.S. Rep. Clifton Breckinridge. A deeply religious woman, Breckinridge considered this path to be her life's calling. Her autobiography[3] emphasizes the story of her younger brother's birth at the American Legation in St. Petersburg, Russia as her first encounter with a trained midwife that would prove to be formative in her vision of the Frontier Nursing Service. Swiss finishing school Mary Breckinridge was born into southern aristocracy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Breckinridge recalled her grandmother reading letters from the children out loud. Schools Attended: British Hospital for Mothers and Babies School, Low and Heywood School, Rosemont-Dézaley School, St. Luke's Hospital School of Nursing, Teachers College, Columbia University [2] As the granddaughter of Vice President John C. Breckinridge, who served under President Buchanan, and the daughter of an Arkansas Congressman and U.S. Minister to Russia, Mary Breckinridge grew up in many places that included estates in Mississippi, Kentucky, and New York; seats of government in Washington, D.C. and St. Petersburg, Russia; and schools in Lausanne, Switzerland, and Stamford, Connecticut. [2] Prior to having children, Breckinridge taught French and hygiene classes at the Conservatory, teaching experiences that would position her to serve in France after the war. They returned to the United States in 1897. Mary Marvin Breckinridge Patterson ’27 was born on October 2, 1905, to John Cabell Breckinridge, the grandson and namesake of Kentucky Senator John C. Breckinridge—Vice President in the Buchanan administration—and Isabella Goodrich Breckinridge, the daughter of American industrialist B. F. Goodrich. Up to the age of 13, she lived in Washington D.C. during the winter and spent most summer months at Hazelwood, a country house in New York, with her great aunt, Mrs. James Lees. Mary Cyrene Burch was born in 1826, the daughter of Clifton Rhodes Burch and Alethia Viley Burch. Having experienced the death of one husband and two children, Breckinridge committed herself to creating conditions conducive to the health and well-being of children and families. Her father, Clifton Rodes Breckinridge, was a congressman and the US Minister to Russia. “Work for children should begin before they are born…These are the formative years, whether for their bodies, their minds or their loving hearts.”, Mary Breckinridge. This page was last edited on 17 February 2021, at 17:50. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). She worked closely with Ann MacKinnon in setting up the Kentucky State Association of Midwives in 1930. Mary Breckenridge’s father was the U. Mary Carson Breckinridge (February 17, 1881 – May 16, 1965) was an American nurse midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which provided comprehensive family medical care to the mountain people of rural Kentucky. During this time, Breckinridge envisioned the service as a demonstration project, and so she kept detailed records and data to form the basis of her organizational plans. The frequent moving and changing of educational settings and expectations would dispose her to work that required significant adaptations. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. There had been a system with milk stations and physicians who saw patients at a town hall. Born In: Tennessee. [3], While in Europe, Breckinridge had met French, English, and Scottish nurse midwives and realized that people with similar training could meet the health care needs of rural America's mothers and babies. In addition to directing the service, which led to the foundation in 1929 of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives, she also edited its journal and traveled around the country as a fund-raiser. She was educated by private tutors in Washington, DC and in St. Petersburg, Russia. Robert J. Breckinridge was born on March 8th, 1800 to Mary Hopkins Breckinridge and Senator John Breckinridge of Kentucky. [3] Though she did not experience the quality of education of her older brother, she was educated by private tutors in Washington, D.C., Switzerland and in St. Petersburg, Russia. She was 14 at the time. [3] She finished her secondary education at Miss Low's School in Stamford, CT, where she had to make social adjustments to fit in with American students and where she struggled with the Latin and mathematics for which she had no prior preparation. [citation needed], Several childhood connections and experiences made a lasting impression that helped prepare Breckinridge for a career committed to family-centered public health, and to a midwifery model of continuous care that would provide maternal and child nutrition, immunizations, prenatal care, birth support, and post-natal check ups. Her grandfather was James Buchanan’s vice-president, and served in Jefferson Davis’ Confederate States of America’s cabinet. (She resumed use of her maiden name after her divorce became final in 1920.) She reported on child welfare in several states and delivered speeches to advocate for children. Mary Breckinridge was born February 17, 1881 in Memphis, Tennessee, the second of four children, into the wealthy southern family of Katherine Carson and Clifton Rhodes Breckinridge. Educated In: Connecticut, District of Columbia, New York, England, United States of America. She died on May 17, 1965. The French immersion experience and the years in the Swiss Alps would prepare Breckinridge to administer a nursing program in France after World War I and instill a love of mountains that included the Scottish Highlands, the Ozarks, and the Appalachian Range. Mary Breckinridge, (born February 17, 1881, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.—died May 16, 1965, Hyden, Kentucky), American nurse-midwife whose establishment of neonatal and childhood medical care systems in the United States dramatically reduced mortality rates of mothers and infants. Breckinridge wrote to thank all donors, share a story of the child they had helped, and call for additional funds for beet roots to feed the goats. [1], While awaiting deployment to Northern France at the end of World War I, Breckinridge accepted a contract with the Children's Bureau (Child Welfare Department of the Council of National Defense). The nurses traveled by horseback to deliver babies day and night, in all weather. Married cousin Mary Cabell Breckinridge in 1852. [1]:501–02, Mary Breckinridge was born February 17, 1881, in Memphis, Tennessee, the second of four children, into the wealthy southern family of Katherine Carson and Clifton Rhodes Breckinridge. He married his second cousin Ann Sophonisba Preston in March of 1823, establishing firm ties between two powerful southern families. The introduction of nurse-midwives into the region brought its maternal and neonatal death rates well below the national average, and at a reasonable cost. She was married to Richard Ryan Thompson and Ruffner Morrison. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Meet extraordinary women who dared to bring gender equality and other issues to the forefront. It is there she learned at a young age to ride horseback, a necessary skill and signature mode of travel among the nurse-midwives of the Frontier Nursing Service. She was born into an influential family, and for that she enjoyed a privileged childhood as well as getting an education in the U. Her mother helped to organize donors and establish a goat fund. [3][1] Though she had been raised in a prominent property owning family, she often served people who lived in poverty. After serving as a non-combatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a states' rights position against interference with slavery . [1]:492 She also recognized the trained nurse-midwife as necessary to the system. [8], To fully realize a visiting nurse service, Breckinridge knew there would be a need for trained nurse-midwives like those from England. He had a rather rebellious childhood, including during his college years. [3], In addition to direct relief, the American Committee for Devastated France began to rebuild a public health system in the years following the war. Mary Breckinridge was born on February 17, 1881 in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Born in Memphis, Tennessee into a prominent family, Breckinridge was a daughter of Arkansas Congressman Clifton Rodes Breckinridge and a granddaughter of John C. Breckinridge. The American Committee for Devastated France extended their work from the Aisne to the Reims after the British unit departed. After her 1904 marriage ended in 1906 with her husband’s death, she entered St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing in New York City, and she graduated in 1910, receiving an R.N. Mary Breckinridge graduates from St. Luke’s Hospital Training School for Nurses in New York. Samuel Miller Breckinridge (1828–1891) Member of Missouri legislature … Source for information on Breckinridge, Mary (1881–1965): … In 1939 she started her own midwifery school. [15] In 2010 an equestrian statue was dedicated to Breckinridge in Hyden, Kentucky.[16]. Born at Cabell’s Dale, the family estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, John Cabell Breckinridge was named for his father and grandfather. The young Mary Breckinridge. Mary Carson Breckinridge (February 17, 1881 – May 16, 1965) was an American nurse-midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service. Educated at private schools in Lausanne, Switzerland, and Stamford, Connecticut, she returned to her family’s Arkansas home in 1899. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge* D.D., L.L.D., was born March 8, 1800, at Cabell’s Dale, Fayette County, Kentucky, and was the son of Hon. There were no children from her first marriage. Finally, she returned to London to the Post Certificate School as a post graduate student of midwifery to supplement her four-month certificate course. She attended to malnourished children with developmental delays, families who had been under frequent fire during the war, and evacuated families in the process of being reunited. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Breckinridge, The Global Medical Mission Hall of Fame Foundation - Biography of Mary Breckinridge, Mary Breckinridge - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky to a prominent local family. Mary Breckinridge’s genteel background was worlds away from impoverished Appalachia. Devastated by the deaths of her newborn daughter in 1916 and her four-year-old son in 1918, she decided to honour their memory by devoting her life to improving children’s conditions. Breckinridge wrote many letters home to her mother throughout her stay. Frontier founder and pioneer nurse Mary Breckinridge is born in Memphis, Tenn. [1] Nevertheless, the Frontier Nursing University continues to provide training for professional nurse-midwives. She would implement these ideas in her later work with the Frontier Nursing Service. In 1925 she moved to Leslie county, Kentucky, where she founded the Frontier Nursing Service, which she subsidized with her inheritance from her mother. She was born February 17, 1881, in Memphis, Tennessee, one of four children of Katherine Carson and Clifton Rhodes Breckinridge. Born in Memphis in 1881, she was the granddaughter of Kentucky’s own John C. Breckinridge—vice president to James Buchanan, 1860 presidential contender, Confederate general and secretary of war to Jefferson Davis. [3], Breckinridge left her unhappy marriage to her second husband in 1918 and resumed the use of her maiden name once the divorce became final in 1920. Breckenridge was born in Memphis to a prominent family, enjoying all the spoils of a comfortable life, such as private education in Switzerland and frequent global travel. [3], Breckinridge entered a world where the primary roles of women were wife and mother, yet her legacy as the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service rises to the level of prominence among males in the Breckinridge family, as noted in several obituaries that discussed her many contributions to the public health of rural Kentuckians. She selected a series of advanced courses in public health nursing at Teachers College, Columbia University to fill in deficits (e.g. To prepare to make the goal a reality, she studied public health nursing at Teachers College of Columbia University and midwifery at three British institutions. [3], Following the Armistice, Breckinridge volunteered for the American Committee for Devastated France, where her group provided direct relief in restoring supply chains of food, seed, and medicine. John Breckinridge and his wife, Mary Hopkins Cabell. She was married to Richard Ryan Thompson and Ruffner Morrison. From overcoming oppression, to breaking rules, to reimagining the world or waging a rebellion, these women of history have a story to tell. Mary Breckinridge was the driving force behind rural health-care in America as well as the development of nurse midwives. [3], Three years with the American Committee for Devastated France helped Breckinridge imagine a plan for public health in rural Kentucky with nurse-midwives situated at the center of the system. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Mary Breckenridge’s father was the U. [14], In 1998 the United States Postal Service honored her with a 77¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. Corrections? She was joined by two midwives she met in London, Edna Rockstroh and Freda Caffin. The Queen's Institute of District Nursing had a maternal death rate below 2%. Married to William Warfield. [3], Breckinridge returned to the U.S. in 1925 and on May 28 of that year founded the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies, which soon became the Frontier Nursing Service, which provided general health care, vaccinations, pre/post natal care, and birth services. Mary Breckinridge was born in 1881 to an influential Kentucky family. [3], In 1894, Breckinridge and her family moved to Russia when President Grover Cleveland appointed her father to serve as the U.S. minister to that country. Mary Breckenridge was born in 1881 in Kentucky. S and Europe. Bailey, Colleen; Conatser, Trey; Harlow, Hayley; Kirk, Katie; Kowal, Elle; McCormick, Stephanie, Eds. Her father was the U.S. ambassador to Czar Nicholas II of Russia from 1894 to 1897. [4] Breckinridge's mother disapproved of her cousin Sophonisba Breckinridge's going to Wellesley College and starting a career because it meant that she would not likely return home to live. S ambassador to Czar Nicholas II of Russia. As the granddaughter of Vice President John C. Breckinridge, who served under President Buchanan, and the daughter of an Arkansas Congressmanand U.S. Minister to Russia, Mary Breckinridge grew up in many places that included estates in Mississippi, Kentucky, and New York; seats of govern… Their son, Clifford Breckinridge ("Breckie") Thompson, born in 1914, died just two years after the death of their daughter. Her family was a politically prominent one. Arriving in France after the armistice to work with the American Committee for Devastated France, she initiated a program to provide food and medical assistance for children, nursing mothers, and pregnant women. He died in 1906 due to complications from appendicitis. [3] She recognized that the organizational structure of decentralized outposts in France could be mimicked in other rural areas. [11] FNS, with the generosity of Breckinridge's investment of her inheritance and many charitable donations, became The Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing, a first of its kind in the U.S.[citation needed], Breckinridge had a large log house, called the Big House, built in Wendover, Kentucky to serve as her home and the Frontier Nursing Service headquarters. Ambassador to Russia. Her father, Clifton Breckinridge, served in Congress and as the U.S. ambassador to the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Breckinridge played a central role as an administrator and began her work by studying the system in place before the war as a method for imagining what system would work best for the people. American nurse midwife, the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), European models for a visiting nurse service, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "From Farm Cart to Air Ambulance: Papers from a Conference 100 Years of Healthcare in Skye and Lochalsh", "Civil Rights Movement in Kentucky Oral History Project Digital Media Database, Kentucky Oral History Commission", "Mary Carson Breckinridge, Frontier Nursing Service", National Women's Hall of Fame, Mary Breckinridge, Letters from Devastation: Mary Breckinridge in the Aisne, 1919, Recordings of Edna Rockstroh's memories of the difficulties of frontier nursing and the leadership of Mary Breckinridge online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Carson_Breckinridge&oldid=1007349283, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [3] Following the death of her first husband, Breckinridge pursued higher education at St. Luke's Hospital of Nursing in New York for three years and graduated in 1910, becoming a registered nurse, before rejoining her family in Ft. Smith, Arkansas. S ambassador to Czar … The FNS demonstrated that well-trained midwives could bring down mortality rates of mothers and babies. [3] Building on that, Breckinridge developed the Child Hygiene and Visiting Nurse Service[7] that would send nurse-midwives around the countryside and moved toward becoming a fully generalized service, caring for all ages. John Richard Breckenridge, Jr., known to the family as Rickey, departed this life on Tuesday, June 24, 2007. Ultimately, she found her model for FNS in the Scottish Highlands' decentralized system. She began to focus on children under 6 and pregnant and nursing mothers, caring for patients with pneumonia, impetigo, eczema, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. (April 24, 2018). However, Clifton and Katherine, Mary’s parents, were not as monetarily affluent as the rest of the Breckinridges. Breckinridge was the daughter of Congressman Clifton Breckinridge and granddaughter of US Vice President John C. Breckinridge. Before departing for Europe, Breckinridge completed a short, intensive course in baby welfare work at the Boston Instructive District Nursing Association, working in the slums and tenements of Boston. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "Grandmother Lees," as she was called by all the cousins, was born in Kentucky and spent much of her fortune educating southern children, with special care for Kentucky children. Mary Carson Breckinridge, the second of four children, was born in 1881 to a wealthy southern family in Memphis, Tennessee. Her grandfather, John C. Breckinridge, was the vice president to James Buchanan. statistics, child psychology, mental hygiene, biology). She modeled her services on European practices and sought to professionalize American nurse-midwives to practice autonomously in homes and decentralized clinics. Born on February 17, 1881, in Memphis, Tennessee; died on May 16, 1965, in Hyden, Kentucky; first daughter and second of four children of Clifton Rodes (a cotton planter and commission merchant, U.S. Her mother had suffered from childbed fever after the birth, so she did not breastfeed her daughter. To design the details of her plan, she took several deliberate educational and administrative steps:[3], Breckinridge would be able to return to Kentucky with the formal education, practical experience, and administrative connections to create the Frontier Nursing Service. [13]:305 In 1995 she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. [citation needed], In 1904 at the age of 23, Breckinridge married Henry Ruffner Morrison, a lawyer from Hot Springs, Arkansas. On leave from France, she toured facilities in London alongside professional nurse-midwives. She died on May 17, 1965. Mary Breckinridge, born in 1881 to an influential Kentucky family, enjoyed a privileged childhood and education in the U.S. and Europe. Updates? [10] They delivered the first baby in September 1925. Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge (August 16, 1826 – October 8, 1907), the daughter of Clifton Rhodes and Alethia Viley Burch, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Kentucky, on August 16, 1826. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Her mother was attended by two physicians, a family physician and an obstetrician, as well a Russian nurse-midwife, Madame Kouchnova, who took the lead while the doctors stood by. [12] Upon her death, FNS had treated nearly 58K patients and delivered over 14,500 babies, with only 11 maternal deaths. Mary Cabell Breckinridge, (born 1828) Daughter of Robert Jefferson Breckinridge. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge (1800-1871) Rev. Mary Breckinridge, Self: The Forgotten Frontier. There, Breckinridge conducted Sunday afternoon services using the Episcopal prayer book. Mary Breckinridge was born in Kentucky on Feb. 16, 1881. The goat-giver circle widened and continued to send funds. [3] She also visited the Oasis Plantation in the Mississippi Delta, home of her maternal uncles. Mary Breckinridge was born on February 17, 1881 in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. She observed that the United States had trained nurses but neglected midwifery; that France trained midwives but overlooked nurse training; and that England trained nurse-midwives who would best serve the needs of rural communities in France and America. Although Breckinridge's work demonstrated efficacy by dramatically reducing infant and maternal mortality in Appalachia, at a comparatively low cost, her model of nurse-midwifery never took root in the United States. Since no midwifery course was then offered in the United States, Breckinridge returned to. Her father was Grover Cleveland’s ambassador to Russia’s Czar Nicholas II in the late 1890s. Her family was very influential in the government; her grandfather was the Vice-President of the United States under President Buchanan, and her father was a congressman and the U.S. It was while her father served as an ambassador to Russia that Mary had her first encounter with a midwife who delivered her little brother. [1][3], Although Breckinridge was born into a prominent family with means, she was dissatisfied that her older brother was afforded a higher quality education in private schools while she and her sister were taught at home by governesses or her own mother. Born into a famous family, the Breckinridge name provided many opportunities and open-doors for Mary. Mary Carson Breckinridge was one of four children born to a prominent and political family in Memphis, Tennessee. Her father was the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 1894 to 1897. In 1952 she completed her memoir "Wide Neighborhoods" which is still available from the University of Kentucky Press. Though she discovered some competence, she also found filth and a medieval level of care. As there were no reliable roads, the nurses depended on horses for transportation. [6] In one she mentioned how much families would benefit from goat's milk. 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